Artykuły

Diabetes mellitus

  1. Diabetes - Definition and Classification
    1. Types of diabetes (Type 1, Type 2, gestational, MODY, secondary diabetes)
    2. Epidemiology and global burden of disease
  2. Diagnostic Criteria (ADA / WHO standards)
    1. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
    2. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
    3. HbA1c levels
    4. Random plasma glucose with symptoms
    5. Repeat testing and diagnostic confirmation
  3. Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus
    1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
      1. Autoimmune destruction of β-cells
      2. Genetic predisposition (e.g., HLA association)
      3. Role of environmental triggers (viruses, toxins)
      4. Typical onset and progression
    2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
      1. Insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction
      2. Metabolic syndrome and obesity
      3. Genetic and lifestyle influences
      4. Natural history of disease and progression
  4. Acute and Chronic Complications of Diabetes
    1. Acute Complications
      1. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
      2. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
      3. Hypoglycemia (iatrogenic)
    2. Chronic Complications
      1. Microvascular:
        1. Diabetic nephropathy
        2. Diabetic retinopathy
        3. Diabetic neuropathy
      2. Macrovascular:
        1. Cardiovascular disease
        2. Cerebrovascular disease
        3. Peripheral arterial disease
  5. Prediabetic States
    1. Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)
    2. Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)
    3. Pathophysiology: insulin resistance, early β-cell dysfunction
    4. Screening and diagnostic criteria
    5. Risk of progression to Type 2 diabetes